Introduction: At the time of joining the Monarchy, Slavonia became a border area towards a weakened Ottoman Empire and for that reason the territory of the Military Border and the part called Provincial were established. The population living here faced unhygienic living conditions and a lack of adequate health care. Epidemics of infectious diseases posed a constant threat, and the most notorious disease at the time was the plague, which leaves terrible consequences. Procedure: The paper is based on the research of available literature related to the topic of health conditions in Slavonia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Using electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and Hrčak - the portal of scientific journals of the Republic of Croatia, sources for writing the paper were collected. Overview: The paper describes the introduction of a sanitary cordon system by the state authorities, which uses its methods to prevent the penetration of infection. With the enactment of the first health laws, in the time of Maria Theresa, the health care system in the territory of the Monarchy, and at the same time the Croatian lands, was gradually regulated. Formal education for health professionals is being introduced, which increases the quality and expertise in performing their jobs. Conclusion: The results of health care progress are reduced mortality and demographic progress, which was considered a prerequisite for development. Gradually, new laws are being passed at the level of Croatian countries, which include health care, thus establishing a modern public health system.