Introduction: Decreased physical activity affects the weak muscular support of the spine, which can cause various damage to the lumbar spine due to improper biomechanical loading. Lumbar spine surgery has certain risks and possible side effects that are very stressful for the patient. Physiotherapists with a professional and dedicated approach can greatly facilitate preoperative preparation and postoperative recovery for any patient. Procedures: For the purposes of writing this thesis, the library literature was reviewed, followed by online scientific articles and articles from the Internet that are in the field of medical topics. In total, three professional books, nine professional researches, six professional glossaries and several internet articles, also closely related to physiotherapy and the medical profession, were researched. Overview: Rehabilitation helps patients to recover from surgery as soon as possible. By preparing the patient for surgery with a preoperative exercise program and psychological preparation, we create the best prerequisites for the success of treatment. The physiotherapist educates, motivates and indicates the importance of his involvement in the entire treatment process. A quality exercise program is crucial to achieving good posture and ensuring the stability of the spine. The psychological aspects of the patient in the preoperative and postoperative phase are very important for achieving the best possible recovery. Conclusion: The postoperative rehabilitation protocol following lumbar spine surgery will be crucial for the final outcome. Physical therapy is the most important factor in the patient's postoperative recovery, without which the success of the neurosurgical procedure itself is compromised, regardless of its quality. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on the need for psychological preoperative preparation of patients, with promising initial results but still with insufficient quality of evidence on the effectiveness of the methods. Experience to date gives us a good basis for further research in the field of preoperative preparation.